Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages

Copper-based fungicides have been used to control various plant diseases for more than one hundred years and play very important roles in agriculture. Accumulation of copper freshwater environment pose severe threats human health the environment. The current study evaluated developmental behavioral toxicity PEG@Cu NCs (copper nanoclusters), Kocide® 3000 hydroxide), Cu(CH3COO)2 acetate) zebrafish early-life stages. was according parameters mortality, hatching rate, autonomous movement heartbeat embryos, body length larvae. 9 dpf (days postfertilization)-LC50 (50% lethal concentration) embryonic mortality 0.077, 0.174 or 0.088 mg/L, dpf-EC50 (effective concentration 50% embryos hatching) rate 0.079 0.21 mg/L 0.092 when were exposed NCs, Cu(CH3COO)2, respectively. obviously decreased spontaneous movements, while had no adverse effects on that embryos. reduced can return normal after exposure 96 h, it cannot recover from 3000. In addition, (≥0.2 mg/L), with 0.05 higher exhibited obvious larvae distance, average velocity, absolute sinuosity, turn angle angular velocity.